CS655 时域反射土壤含水量传感器

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1. What are the major differences between the CWS655 and the CS655?

   The CWS655 is a wireless sensor with measurement electronics, radio, and power supply all integrated in a single device. The CWS655, however, requires the use of a CWB100 base station radio connected to a data logger. Only the rods of the CWS655 should be buried in the soil; burying the body of the CWS655 will prevent the sensor from communicating with the CWB100.

   The CS655 is a cabled multiparameter smart sensor that sends data by RS-232 serial or SDI-12 communication through a direct connection to a data logger. The CS655 is suitable for burial at any depth.

2. On the CS650 and the CS655, is it possible to disable the logic that causes NAN values?

   No. It is not possible to disable the logical tests in the firmware. If soil conditions cause frequent NAN values, it may be possible to perform a soil-specific calibration that will provide good results.

   If permittivity is reported but the volumetric water content value is NAN, Campbell Scientific recommends a soil-specific calibration that converts permittivity to water content. This will take advantage of the bulk electrical conductivity correction that occurs in the firmware.

   If both permittivity and volumetric water content have NAN values, it may be possible to perform a calibration that converts period average directly to volumetric water content.

   For details on performing a soil-specific calibration, refer to “The Water Content Reflectometer Method for Measuring Volumetric Water Content” section in the CS650/CS655 manual. After a soil-specific equation is determined, it may be programmed into the data logger program or used in a spreadsheet to calculate the soil water content.

3. Can the CS655 rods be shortened?

   Campbell Scientific strongly discourages shortening the sensor’s rods. The electronics in the sensor head have been optimized to work with the 12 cm long rods. Shortening these rods will change the period average. Consequently, the equations in the firmware will become invalid and give inaccurate readings.

4. Can the cable for the CS650 or CS655 be shortened?

   Modifications to the CS650 or CS655, including shortening the cable, will void the warranty. However, shortening the cable will not affect the sensor’s performance. If a decision is made to shorten the cable, care should be taken to avoid damaging the cable jacket and exposing bare wire except at the ends that connect to the data logger or multiplexer terminals.

5. Is it necessary to purchase a DIN Rail Mounting Kit with a CS650 or a CS655?

   If a system has multiple CS650 or CS655 sensors, it will be necessary to connect many wires to a 12 V supply and many wires to ground. The DIN Rail Mounting Kit is useful for attaching many wires to the same source in a clean and organized way. For more details, see the 5458 DIN Rail Terminal Kit instruction manual. 

   Other methods of connecting several wires together, such as terminal strips or wire nuts, would also work.

6. Can the CS650 and the CS655 measure water content in greenhouse pots?

   Yes, but the pots would have to be large. The CS650 and CS655 can detect water as far away as 10 cm (4 in.) from the rods. If the pot has a diameter smaller than 20 cm (8 in.), the sensor could potentially detect the air around the pot, which would underestimate the water content. In addition, potting soil is typically high in organic matter and clay, causing the probable need for a soil-specific calibration. 

7. Can the CS655 measure permittivity and electrical conductivity of sea water and sea ice?

   The electrical conductivity (EC) of sea water is approximately 48 dS/m. The CS655 can measure permittivity in water with EC between 0 and 8 dS/m. EC readings become extremely unstable at conductivities higher than 8 dS/m and are reported as NAN or 9999999. Because EC is part of the permittivity equation, an EC reading of NAN leads to a permittivity reading of NAN as well. Thus, the CS655 cannot provide good readings in sea water.

   With regard to sea ice, the electrical conductivity drops significantly when sea water freezes and the permittivity changes from approximately 88 down to approximately 4, as the water changes from a liquid to a solid state. With both EC and permittivity falling to levels that are within the CS655 measurement range, the sensor is expected to give valid readings in sea ice. The sensor is rugged and can withstand the cold temperatures. However, as the ice melts, there will be a point at which the electrical conductivity becomes too high to acquire a valid reading for either permittivity or electrical conductivity.

8. Do the CS650 and the CS655 correct readings for temperature changes?

   No. The temperature sensor is located inside the sensor’s epoxy head next to one of the sensor rods. The stainless-steel rods are not thermally conductive, so the reported soil temperature reading is actually the temperature of the sensor head. If the CS650 or the CS655 is installed horizontally, which is the preferred method, then the sensor head will be at the same temperature as the soil, and the soil temperature value will be accurate. However, if the sensor is installed vertically, and/or with the sensor head above ground, the soil temperature reading will be less accurate. Because the sensor orientation is not known, no temperature correction was written into the firmware.  

9. How can the CS650 or the CS655 readings be corrected for temperature?

   The CS650/CS655 manual gives a temperature correction that works in coarse sand, but it should be used cautiously with other soil types. If a temperature correction is required, it is best to determine a soil-specific temperature correction. 

   When correcting for temperature, the following effects contribute to the sensor output:

   • The effect of temperature on the measurement electronics inside the sensor head. This is a relatively small effect compared to other temperature effects.
   • The change in the dielectric permittivity of water with temperature. At 0°C, the permittivity of water is approximately 88, at 20°C it is approximately 80, and at 70°C it is approximately 64. If the sensor is in a soil at any given water content, the changing permittivity of water will cause the period average at 0°C to be higher than it is at 20°C. The same soil will have a lower period average at 70°C than at 20°C. In other words, the sensor will overestimate water content at colder temperatures and underestimate it at warmer temperatures. However, that is only true if electrical conductivity is negligible.
   • The change in water content as bound water is captured and released. In soils with high clay content, some of the water is partially or fully immobilized by electrical charges on the surface of the clay minerals. The amount of bound water is temperature dependent and may have a small effect on the sensor readings.
   • The temperature effect of bulk electrical conductivity (EC) on period average. Bulk electrical conductivity increases with temperature; as it increases, it slows down the period average.

   The interaction of these effects may be complicated. For example, with increasing temperature, two things happen at the same time:  the falling permittivity of water is decreasing the period average, and the increasing EC is increasing the period average. The net result as to whether the period average goes up or down depends on how conductive the soil is and the contributions of the other temperature effects.

10. When a CS650 or a CS655 is put in water, why does the volumetric water content read NAN?

    The dielectric of water at room temperature is close to 80. The firmware for both the CS650 and the CS655 is programmed to change volumetric water content to NAN or 9999999 when the permittivity measurements are greater than 42. When testing in water, look at the permittivity reading rather than the water content reading. If a test is being done for functionality, pull the sensor about halfway out of the water to see both permittivity and volumetric water content readings.